Question 16 30 seconds Samarkand was conquered by the Persian Sassanians c. 260 CE. At the beginning of the 8th century, it was transformed into a Nestorian metropolitanate. Sogdians . Armenians. This Iranian-speaking people had a fifteen-centuries-long historical identity between the sixth century BCE and the tenth century CE when it vanished in the Muslim, Persian-speaking world. Nemtseva, N.B., Shvab, IU. The greenery of the trees and sown land extends along both sides of the river [Sogd]... and beyond these fields is pasture for flocks. Goal: To understand World History, and to succeed in AP World, you must be able identify and label important locations and physical features throughout the world and to be able to locate them as needed throughout the year. Samarkand today consists of an old city dating from medieval times and a new section built after the Russian conquest of the area in the 19th century. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. For example, the shades of blue in the Gur-i Amir are colors of mourning; in that era, blue was the color of mourning in Central Asia, as it still is in various cultures today. Similar facts can be adduced also with regard to Ferghana, Samarkand, and especially the Bukhara oblasts.[67]. In the middle of the 6th century, a Turkic state was formed in Altai, founded by the Ashina dynasty. Home is where the history nerd is > AP World History > Chapter18&20: The Crusades and the Mongol Invasion. Etienne de la Vaissiere, Sogdian traders. Армяне Самарканда. There are also a number of inactive Orthodox churches and temples, for example that of Church of St. George Pobedonosets. Keywords: Branding Personalmarketing. T.1.- Tashkent, 1951. Part 3: Caravans and the Impact of Long-Distance Trade Print this page. [37], In 1365, a revolt against Chagatai Mongol control occurred in Samarkand.[38]. Lewis. Daily rituals of these Hindus include a morning bath to cleanse the body and soul. ... AP World History Notes Visual; Add Layer to My Map . These peoples began to arrive in Samarkand several centuries ago from what are now India and Pakistan. Only after it became a provincial capital of the Russian Empire (1887) and a railroad centre did it recover economically. De facto, the most common native language in Samarkand is Tajik, which is a dialect or variant of the Persian language. This currency first started being used because it was difficult to ship cash to places where government purchases were being made so the government decided that to help make things more efficient, the government would begin paying merchants with money certificates which was referred to … Samarkand today consists of an old city dating from medieval times and a new section built after the Russian conquest of the area in the 19th century. The story of Samarkand is woven around the history of the manuscript of the Rubaiyaat of Omar Khayyam, from its creation by the poet and sage in eleventh-century Persia to its loss when the Titanic sank in 1912. AP World: Modern Overview; POST CLASSICAL (1200-1450) EARLY MODERN (1450-1750) MODERN PERIOD (1750-1900) CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1900-PRESENT) AP WORLD PEOPLE TO KNOW; RIP AP WORLD HISTORY. Additionally, the economies of the countries trading expanded as demand for their goods increased. economies . The Mongols had great interests in Chinese- and Persian-style golden silk textiles, as well as nasij[84] woven in Iran and Transoxiana. Edit. Also in the eastern part of Samarkand there are several quarters where Central Asian "Gypsies"[68] (Lyuli, Djugi, Parya, and other groups) live. Before that, almost all inhabitants of Samarqand were Zoroastrians, and many Nestorians and Buddhists also lived in the city. Levathes, Louise, The city’s industry is now based primarily on agriculture, with cotton ginning, silk spinning and weaving, fruit canning, and the production of wine, clothing, leather and footwear, and tobacco. With the assistance of Eljigidey, the Catholic Church of St. John the Baptist was built in Samarkand. Memorial complex Shah-i-Zinda was founded by the rulers of the Karakhanid dynasty in the 11th century. New forms of credit and money . Advanced Placement World History: Modern is a college-level course and examination offered to high school students through the College Board's Advanced Placement Program designed to help students develop a greater understanding of the evolution of global processes and contacts as well as interactions between different human societies. Known as Maracanda in the 4th century bce, it was the capital of Sogdiana and was captured by Alexander the Great in 329 bce. The first dated news about the Shaybani Khan madrasah dates back to 1504 (it was completely destroyed during the years of Soviet power). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Shirdar madrasa on Rīgestān Square, Samarkand, Uzbekistan. This quiz is incomplete! To make things a little worse, it has become increasingly difficult to earn a high score on the exam, with scores of 5 on the decline and score of 3 on the rise. Timeline created by 15lstowers. Samarkand is located in northeastern Uzbekistan, in the Zarefshan River valley, 135 km from Qarshi. Today, Samarkand is the capitol of Samarqand Region and one of the largest cities of Uzbekistan.[5]. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. 267 times. However, as no population census has been taken in Uzbekistan since 1989, there are no accurate data on this matter. The Tajikistan border is about 35 km from Samarkand; the Tajik capital Dushanbe is 210 km away from Samarkand. [59][60][61][62][64][65][66][69] Only one newspaper in Samarkand is published in Tajik, in the Cyrillic Tajik alphabet: "Ovozi Samarqand" (Tajik: Овози Самарқанд — Voice of Samarkand). Shāh-e Zendah group of mausoleums and mosques in Samarkand, southeastern Uzbekistan, 13th–15th century. In 1500, nomadic Uzbek warriors took control of Samarkand. Plan to spend two or three days discovering this ancient Silk Road city with the following … After Marco Polo visited China, he introduced Europe to the idea of a paper currency in the 13 Century. Samarkand is part of the Apostolic Administration of Uzbekistan. Explore Your Future. [47] 270—271, Istoriya Samarkanda v dvukh tomakh. Samarqand's best-known Islamic sacred lineages are the descendants of Sufi leaders AP World History —China 1750-1914 ... Overland trade routes from Samarkand to Korea were revived. Turko-Mongol influence is also apparent in Samarkand's architecture. View AP World History_ Unit 2 Study Guide.docx from GEOG MISC at Kennesaw State University. Samarkand is located in northeastern Uzbekistan, in the Zarefshan River valley, 135 km from Qarshi. transportation and commercial . Р.219-220. The city was known as Maracanda by the Greeks. such as Khodja Akhror Wali (1404–1490) and Makhdumi A’zam (1461–1542), the descendants of Sayyid Ata (first half of 14th c.) and Mirakoni Xojas (Sayyids from Mirakon, a village in Iran).[70]. These Christian movements appeared in Samarkand mainly after the independence of Uzbekistan in 1991. However, most "Uzbeks" are in fact Tajiks, who are an Iranian people, even though their passports list their ethnicity as Uzbek. 2008. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, AD 250 to 750. Samarkand in Uzbekistan is a gorgeous city packed with astonishing architecture, history, tasty cuisine, art, and extremely welcoming people. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [82], The elements of traditional Islamic architecture can be seen in traditional mud-brick Uzbek houses that are built around central courtyards with gardens. This layer has been viewed 645 time(s) by 619 user(s) Layer Styles . an oasis town along the silk roads in central Asia; place where merchants & caravans found food, rest, lodging, and markets; became cosmopolitan center; conquered by the Mongols; During the rule of Timur Lane was the most influential captial city, a wealthy trading center known for decorated mosques and tombs. The growth of interregional trade in . By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The dominant architectural color is blue, which Timur used to convey a broad range of concepts. Unesco, 1996. Effects of the Silk Roads As you can imagine, such a massive trade network would lead to some massive effects. It sits where the Taklamakan Desert meets the Tian Shan Mountains and is watered by the Kashgar River, which has made the lands along it fertile for crops such as wheat, rice, fruits, and cotton. It was one of the greatest plagues in history. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2003, p.399-407. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world’s population at the time, and covered more than 33,700,000 km 2 (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth’s total land area. Belenitskiy A.M., Bentovich I.B., Bolshakov O.G. ... such as Samarkand, along the way. Azim Malikov, Cult of saints and shrines in the Samarqand province of Uzbekistan in International journal of modern anthropology. Paper Currency developed in the Tang Dynasty during the 7th Century (618-907 C.E). 1. in Asht, Kalacha, Akjar i Tajik and others, in the 1926 census they were registered as Uzbeks. [41] Henry III's ambassador Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, who was stationed at Samarkand between 1403 and 1406, attested to the never-ending construction that went on in the city. Nauka. Her main instrument was the wall quadrant, which had no equal in the world.[43]. economies: Bills of exchange Banking houses … Samarkand suffered at least one other Mongol sack by Khan Baraq to get treasure he needed to pay an army. The Lost Empire that Ruled the Silk Road Today, the city of Samarkand in Uzbekistan is relatively remote, known mostly for its magnificent medieval ruins. July and August are the hottest months of the year, with temperatures reaching and exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). in search of a better life, others were sold as slaves there by Turkmen captors, and others were soldiers who were posted to Samarkand. The entrance to the Gur-i Amir is decorated with Arabic calligraphy and inscriptions, the latter a common feature in Islamic architecture. Finally, Samarkand has the so-called "Marshrutka," which are Daewoo Damas and GAZelle minibuses. The walls and gates were destroyed after the capture of the town by the Russians, but the plan of the medieval period is still preserved. From its earliest days, Samarkand was one of the main centres of Sogdian civilization. Most inhabitants of Samarkand are Muslim, primarily Sunni (mostly Hanafi) and Sufi. Finish Editing. Edited by Carlo G. Cereti, Mauro Maggi and Elio Provasi. Practice. in Central Asia, India, Pakistan, and Persia. More than 5% of Samarkand residents are Orthodox, mostly Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians, and also some Koreans and Greeks. No.4. 1450. On the initiative of Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR I. Muminov and with the support of Sharaf Rashidov, the 2500th anniversary of Samarkand was widely celebrated in 1970. To the second half of the 15th century belongs the Ak Saray tomb with a superb fresco of the interior. A magnetic compass that helped sailors safely … The Travels of Marco Polo, where Polo records his journey along the Silk Road in the late 13th century, describes Samarkand as "a very large and splendid city...". The founder of the Western Qarakhanid Kaganate was Ibrahim Tamgach Khan (1040-1068). The armies of the Umayyad Caliphate under Qutayba ibn Muslim captured the city from the Turks c. 710 CE. In Islam, gardens are symbols of paradise, and as such they were depicted on the walls of tombs and grown in Samarkand itself. Ulugbek ruled Samarkand during 40 years. Alexander Morrison, Russian Rule in Samarkand 1868–1910: A Comparison with British India (Oxford, OUP, 2008) (Oxford Historical Monographs). [44] Fazlallah ibn Ruzbihan in "Mikhmon-namei Bukhara" expresses his admiration for the majestic building of the madrasah, its gilded roof, high hujras, spacious courtyard and quotes a verse praising the madrasah. The Samarqand Vilayat is one of the two regions of Uzbekistan (along with Bukhara Vilayat) that is home to a large number of Shiites. During his reign, a public hospital (bemoristan) and a madrasah were established in Samarkand, where medicine was also taught. Edit. Tashkent,1990. Many yellow taxis on the streets of Samarkand, Taxi and tram on Rudaki Street in Samarkand, Taxi and bus on Mirzo Ulughbek Avenue in Samarkand. 116–123, Azim Malikov, The politics of memory in Samarkand in post-Soviet period // International Journal of Modern Anthropology. [31] After the state of the Qarakhanids split into 2 parts, Samarkand became a part of the West Karakhanid Kaganate and in 1040-1212 was its capital. 0. Muhammad Salikh wrote that Sheibani Khan built a madrasah in Samarkand to perpetuate the memory of his brother Mahmud Sultan. Abdulatif Khan himself wrote poetry under the literary pseudonym Khush.[46]. The revival of the city began during the reign of the founder of the Uzbek dynasty, the Mangyts, Muhammad Rakhim (1756-1758), who became famous for his strong-willed qualities and military art. After the fall of the Samanids state in the 999, it was replaced by the Qarakhanid State, where the Turkic Qarakhanid dynasty ruled. Ethnic atlas of Uzbekistan, 2000. Karev, Yury. The Ambassador slightly doubted the authenticity of these figures, emphasizing in his report that data on the numbers of religious and ethnic minorities provided by the government of Uzbekistan were considered a very "delicate topic" due to their potential to provoke interethnic and interreligious conflicts. Entertaining tales of various travelers (some well‐known) from 700‐ 1500 in Asia. [79], Orthodox Cathedral of St. Alexiy Moscowskiy, Orthodox Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin, Orthodox Church of St. George the Victorious, Orthodox Church of St. George Pobedonosets, Samarkand also has several thousand Protestants, including Lutherans, Baptists, Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, Adventists, and members of the Korean Presbyterian church. The original city was called Afrasiab (Samarkand expanded and outgrew the old city) and may have been Marakand or Marakanda, the Greek name given by Alexander the Great and his forces. Ulugbek invited a large number of astronomers and mathematicians of the Islamic world to this madrasah. Afrasiyab (Talgo 250) high-speed train in Samarkand railway station. History. As of spring 2019, Samarkand International Airport has flights to Tashkent, Nukus, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Istanbul, and Dushanbe; charter flights to other cities are also available. Unit 2: Networks of Exchange Exam Study Guide C. 1200 - c. 1450 Topic 2.1 Silk Roads Learning Brill. tbemoll. History. [34] After Genghis Khan conquered Central Asia, foreigners were chosen as governmental administrators; Chinese and Qara-Khitays (Khitans) were appointed as co-managers of gardens and fields in Samarkand, which Muslims were not permitted to manage on their own. It dates back to the 6th century. Rīgestān Square, an impressive public square in the old city, is fronted by several madrasas (Islamic schools): that of Timur’s grandson, the astronomer Ulūgh Beg (1417–20), and those of Shirdar (1619–1635/36) and Tilakari (mid-17th century), which together border the square on three sides. With a well-deserved status as UNESCO World Heritage, and easy accessibility by high-speed train it has to be on your Uzbekistan Travel Guide. The newer, Russian section of Samarkand, construction of which began in 1871, expanded considerably during the Soviet period, and public buildings, houses, and parks were built. Magnetic Compass. Every year, the Shiites of Samarkand celebrate Ashura, as well as other memorable Shiite dates and holidays. Many have been preserved. Samarkand also has international railway connections: Saratov–Samarkand, Moscow–Samarkand, and Nur-Sultan–Samarkand. The percentage in parentheses is your expected score … Live Game Live. Print; Share; Edit; Delete; Host a game. Qarakhanid wall paintings in the citadel of Samarqand: First report and preliminary observations in Muqarnas 22 (2005): 45-84. High-speed Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line trains run between Tashkent, Samarkand, and Bukhara. Samarkand is also home to the Shrine of Imam Maturidi, the founder of Maturidism and the Mausoleum of the Prophet Daniel, who is revered in Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. answer. The resettlement of nomadic groups to Samarkand confirms archaeological material from the 4th century. Your reflections will be informed by your studies. The Mongols conquered Samarkand in 1220. … [41] The Shaybanids emerged as the city's leaders at or about this time. Edit. January 2008 was particularly cold; the temperature dropped to −22 °C (−8 °F)[55]. Delete Quiz. Buses, mostly SamAuto and Isuzu buses, are the most common and popular mode of transport in the city. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The largest of these are the Punjabi Mosque, the Punjabi Madrassah, and the Mausoleum of Mourad Avliya. [44], Abdulatif Khan, the son of Mirzo Ulugbek's grandson Kuchkunji Khan, who ruled in Samarkand in 1540-1551, was considered an expert in the history of Maverannahr and the Shibanid dynasty. Бабина Ю. Ё. Новые христианские течения и страны мира. The road was a connection of trade routes and carried technologies, religions, goods, and diseases Period: 1200. to . According to WikiLeaks, in 2007–2008, the US Ambassador for International Religious Freedom held a series of meetings with Sunni mullahs and Shiite imams in Uzbekistan. Furthermore, blue represented water, a particularly rare resource in the Middle East and Central Asia; walls painted blue symbolized the wealth of the city. Exact demographic figures are difficult to obtain, since some people in Uzbekistan identify as "Uzbek" even though they speak Tajiki as their first language, often because they are registered as Uzbeks by the central government despite their Tajiki language and identity. More in This Series Press Enter for Dropdown. Many overlays have been created completely by us, while others have been taken from Harvard's open database of overlays. An 1897 earthquake destroyed the columns, which were not entirely restored in the subsequent reconstruction. Genetic studies point to China as having been the primary source of the contagion. In the early 20th century several more Orthodox cathedrals, churches, and temples were built, most of which were demolished while Samarkand was part of the USSR. AP World History Unit 2: Networks of Exchange c. 1200 – c. 1450 Study Guide Packet Due Date: _____ _____ _____ Complete the below evaluation on the due date: Student Evaluation Read each description on the below rubric. [74] The majority of the population were then Zoroastrians, but since Samarkand was the crossroads of trade routes among China, Persia, and Europe, it was religiously tolerant. Certifications. Clearly, AP® content creators think similarly, creating a whole question type that embodies the identification of relevant historical trends, and the explanation of their “big picture” significance in the broad span of time that makes up our … During the excavations, fragments of monumental painting were discovered. Quraishi, Silim "A survey of the development of papermaking in Islamic Countries", Kochnev B. D., Numizmaticheskaya istoriya Karakhanidskogo kaganata (991—1209 gg.). [39] The chamber in which Timur's own body was laid included "tugs", poles whose tops were hung with a circular arrangement of horse or yak tail hairs. Timur's commitment to the arts is evident in how, in contrast with the ruthlessness he showed his enemies, he demonstrated mercy toward towards those with special artistic abilities. Save. Ancient World History The Ancient World Prehistoric Eras to 600 c.e. "[42], In 1417-1420, Timur's grandson Ulugbek built a madrasah in Samarkand, which became the first building in the architectural ensemble of Registan. Samarkand's Registan square was the city's ancient centre and is bound by three monumental religious buildings. It sits where the Taklamakan Desert ... Samarkand was a center of cultural exchange as much as it was a center for trading goods. Abbasid control of Samarkand soon dissipated and was replaced with that of the Samanids (862–999), though the Samanids were still nominal vassals of the Caliph during their control of Samarkand. They primarily traded silk, spices, and precious metals. Precipitation is sparse from December through April. Archaeological excavations conducted within the city limits (Syob and midtown) as well as suburban areas (Hojamazgil, Sazag'on) unearthed 40,000-year-old evidence of human activity, dating back to the Upper Paleolithic. P.332. “The Middle East” by Bernard. Road M39 connects it to Tashkent, 270 km away. The second-largest religious group in Samarkand after Islam is the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate). the Seleucid Empire, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, and Kushan Empire (even though the Kushana themselves originated in Central Asia). The city was later ruled by Central Asian Turks (6th century ce), the Arabs (8th century), the Sāmānids of Iran (9th–10th century), and various Turkic peoples (11th–13th century) before it was annexed by the Khwārezm-Shāh dynasty (early 13th century) and destroyed by the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan (1220). Timur built his tents from more-durable materials, such as bricks and wood, but their purposes remained largely unchanged. In 1612-1656, the governor of Samarkand, Yalangtush Bahadur, built a cathedral mosque, Tillya-Kari madrasah and Sherdor madrasah. From 1599 to 1756, Samarkand was ruled by the Ashtrakhanid branch of the Khanate of Bukhara. Take advantage of our Presidents' Day bonus! —Ташкент: Издательство литературы и искусства имени Гафура Гуляма, 1988. Samarkand is also home to large ethnic communities of Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Armenians, Azeris, Tatars, Koreans, Poles, and Germans, all of whom live primarily in the centre and western neighborhoods of the city. It did not significantly revive until the 5th century. During this time, the city became a protectorate and paid tribute to the ruling Tang. Leiden. AP World History Summer Reading Assignment Assignment: Choose one book from the reading list, and write a reaction journal. Nevertheless, the city continued to be embellished by its new masters. Though trade never reached what it had been under the Mongols, there was a new encouragement of foreign trade. Translated by James Ward. Ansambl Shah-i Zinda: istoriko-arkhitektymyi ocherk. Samarkandian Shiites also include Azerbaijanis, as well as small numbers of Tajiks and Uzbeks. \ Ap world history Ch 14. У истоков современного градостроительства Узбекистана (ΧΙΧ — начало ΧΧ веков). Bibi Khanum originally had about 450 marble columns, which were hauled there and set up with the help of 95 elephants that Timur had brought back from Hindustan. Sankt-Peterburg: Filologicheskiy fakul'tet SPbGU, 2005 god, s. 97. There were also major new construction techniques; oblong bricks were replaced with square ones and superior methods of masonry and plastering were introduced.[13]. Samarkand. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive …
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