[13] On a microscopic level, pinworms have an identifying feature of alae (i.e., protruding ridges) running the length of the worm. Pinworms are white, parasitic worms that can live in the large intestine of humans. [26] Hippocrates (459–370 BC) mentioned garlic as a remedy against intestinal parasites. For more information contact your local health department or go to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website at http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/pinworm/. [1] They may be swallowed following contamination of the hands, food, or other articles. [12] They emerge from the anus, and while moving on the skin near the anus, the female pinworms deposit eggs either through (1) contracting and expelling the eggs, (2) dying and then disintegrating, or (3) bodily rupture due to the host scratching the worm. [1] In the United States about 20% of children will develop pinworm at some point. ⦠[10] The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender,[10] nor with any particular social class, race, or culture. [8] Painful urination has been associated with pinworm infection. The eggs can live up to two weeks on some objects. [11][17][20] Consequently, the eggs can enter the mouth and nose through inhalation, and be swallowed later. Tiny eggs deposited around the anus by a female worm spread the infection. [23] Counselling is sometimes needed for upset parents who have discovered their children are infected, as they may not realize how prevalent the infection is. [11] Despite the limited, 13-week lifespan of individual pinworms,[12] autoinfection (infection from the original host to itself), either through the anus-to-mouth route or through retroinfection, causes the pinworms to inhabit the same host indefinitely. When someone with pinworms scratches their perianal area, eggs may lodge under their fingernails and be spread to anything he or she touches. [8] Total elimination of the parasite in a household may require repeated doses of medication for up to a year or more. [18] The surface of the eggs is sticky when laid,[12][11] and the eggs are readily transmitted from their initial deposit near the anus to fingernails, hands, night-clothing and bed linen. [23][24] Under ideal conditions, bed covers, sleeping garments, and hand towels should be changed daily. Wash hands and under fingernails frequently. The most common symptom is itching in the anal area. Tucakov J. Beograd: Naucna knjiga; 1948. How it is transmitted: Found in the colon and rectum, the pinworm infection develops from a pinworms egg. Scotch Tape) applied on the anal area will pick up deposited eggs, and diagnosis can be made by examining the tape with a microscope. [2] It is not considered a serious disease. [1][6], Treatment is typically with two doses of the medications mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, or albendazole two weeks apart. [29][30], This article is about the human infection with pinworms. Escherichia coli and Salmonella cause food poisoning.. Helicobacter pylori cause gastritis and ulcers.. Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea.. Neisseria meningitidis causes meningitis.. Staphylococcus aureus causes a variety of infections in the body, including ⦠The eggs may survive for years in moist soil. Follow these treatment steps: If infection occurs again, consult your health care provider. [17], The earliest known instance of pinworms is evidenced by pinworm eggs found in coprolite, carbon dated to 7837 BC at western Utah. [9][10] This causes vaginal discharge and itchiness of the vulva. [12] The eggs hatch in the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). Pinworms can then be spread in the following ways: The eggs may hatch while still attached to the skin around the anus. [23] They are so effective that many medical scientists regard hygienic measures as impractical. 9 Machine-dry at high temperature. Pinworm Infection. [27] German botanist Lonicerus (1564) recommended garlic against parasitic worms. The eggs are so small you can even breathe them in if they become airborne. Pinworms are white, parasitic worms that can live in the large intestine of humans. It is very difficult to inactivate helminth eggs, unless temperature is increased above 40 °C or moisture is reduced to less than 5%. [1] Other animals do not spread the disease. [23] Pyrantel pamoate (also called pyrantel embonate, brand names e.g., Reese's Pinworm Medicine, Pin-X, Combantrin, Anthel, Helmintox, and Helmex) kills adult pinworms through neuromuscular blockade,[24] and is considered as effective as the benzimidazole compounds and is used as a second-line medication. [23], Medication is the primary treatment for pinworm infection. [1] School-aged children are the most commonly infected. Eggs are sensitive to sunlight, so open blinds in bedrooms in the daytime. Take the tape to a health care provider. [12][16] This process is two to eight weeks. Threadworm gets its name because the worms look like white threads, which are about 1 cm long. Health & Safety in the Home, Workplace & Outdoors, Clinical Guidelines, Standards & Quality of Care, All Health Care Professionals & Patient Safety, Addressing the Opioid Epidemic in New York State, Learn About the Dangers of "Synthetic Marijuana", Help Increasing the Text Size in Your Web Browser. The eggs and worms caught on the tape can be identified under a microscope. [28] Applying raw garlic on skin may cause a chemical burn. [12][17] Females survive for 5 to 13 weeks, and males about 7 weeks. During their life cycle, the adults produce microfilariae measuring 250 to 300 μm by 6 to 8 μm, which are sheathed and demonstrate diurnal periodicity (organisms circulate in the bloodstream during the day and are non-circulating in the night). The ingested eggs will travel down the large intestine, and they will hatch ⦠Treating pinworms involves either prescription or over-the-counter drugs. The entire lifecycle — from egg to adult — takes place in the human gastrointestinal tract of a single human host. [12][17][18] Household pets often carry the eggs in their fur, while not actually being infected. [8], The cause of a pinworm infection is the worm Enterobius vermicularis. [14] According to Gutierrez (2000), a statistically significant correlation between pinworm infection and urinary tract infections has been shown;[14] however, Burkhart & Burkhart (2005) maintain that the incidence of pinworms as a cause of urinary tract infections remains unknown. [24] Pinworms located in the genitourinary system (in this case, female genital area) may require other drug treatments. [11] The gravid female pinworms settle in the ileum, caecum (beginning of the large intestine), appendix and ascending colon,[12] where they attach themselves to the mucosa[17] and ingest colonic contents. [17] The egg-laying process begins approximately five weeks after initial ingestion of pinworm eggs by the human host. Eggs may be inhaled from the air or deposited onto food and swallowed. At night, the adult worms can sometimes be seen directly around the anal area or in pajamas. [12] During this migration they moult twice and become adults. [18] As such, routine examination of fecal material gives a positive diagnosis in only 5 to 15% of infected subjects,[13] and is therefore of little practical diagnostic use. [9][10][13] General symptoms are trouble sleeping, and restlessness. Larvae can get into the human gut if you eat them with contaminated food. [23] The rate of reinfection can be reduced through hygienic measures, and this is recommended especially in recurring cases. Enterobiasis, also known as pinworms or threadworms, are a type of parasite that can infect and live in the intestines. A few reptiles are viviparous, (e.g., lizards and snakes). [23] Children should wear gloves while asleep, and the bedroom floor should be kept clean. It is given in two doses. Continued Once inside your body, pinworms make a home in your colon and rectum. Farmakognozija; pp. [1][5] They are the most common type of worm infection in the developed world. [13] Because it spreads from host to host through contamination, enterobiasis is common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. Because bathing or a bowel movement can remove the eggs, the tape test should be done as soon as the person wakes up in the morning. While the infected person sleeps, female pinworms leave the intestinal tract and lay their eggs on the skin around the anus. Enterobiasis pinworm: A pinworm, or threadworm, Enterobius vermicularis can live in the colon and rectum of humans. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinworm_infection&oldid=998549681, Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 January 2021, at 22:12. [11], After the eggs have been initially deposited near the anus, they are readily transmitted to other surfaces through contamination. Finding a worm confirms the diagnosis. [1] The period of time from swallowing eggs to the appearance of new eggs around the anus is 4 to 8 weeks. Change and wash clothing and bedding frequently. [5] Pinworms are believed to have affected humans throughout history. Pinworms are spread when an infected person, most often a child, has scratched his/her bare anal area and the eggs get under his/her fingernails. Lecenje biljem - fitoterapija; pp. How to Kill Pinworm Eggs. [7], One-third of individuals with pinworm infection are totally asymptomatic. To find a female worm: Pinworms are rarely spotted in stool samples. [23] Household detergents have little effect on the viability of pinworm eggs, and cleaning the bathroom with a damp cloth moistened with an antibacterial agent or bleach will merely spread the still-viable eggs. [17][9], Pinworm infection spreads through human-to-human transmission, by swallowing infectious pinworm eggs. Wash hands and under the fingernails thoroughly, after using the bathroom, before eating and after changing diapers. [14] This can cause inflammation of the vulva and vagina. Typically, the adult worms live in the human lymph system. Pinworms are a real problem for children. She can also pick the pinworms by eating contaminated food. Apply a piece of transparent tape against the folds of skin around the anus to pick up any eggs or worms. If it is a severe infection, symptoms may include: girls may experience vaginal itching and irritation (vaginitis), if pinworms are near the vagina. [11][17] According to Burkhart (2005), when this retroinfection occurs, it leads to a heavy parasitic load and ensures that the pinworm infestation continues. [11], Diagnosis depends on finding the eggs or the adult pinworms. [1] Good handwashing, daily bathing in the morning, and daily changing of underwear can help prevent reinfection. [9] From here, eggs are further transmitted to food, water, furniture, toys, bathroom fixtures and other objects. Machine-wash sheets, blankets, towels and clothing in hot water to destroy eggs. [18] Infection may occur in the highest strata of society, where hygiene and nutritional status are typically high. Pinworms can survive up to two weeks on clothing, bedding or other objects, if kept at room temperature. Careful vacuuming or the use of an oiled cloth (which may be boiled or destroyed later) will help prevent the eggs from scattering. [23] Simple laundering of clothes and linen disinfects them. [17] Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities. [12] The gravid female pinworms migrate through the colon towards the rectum at a rate of 12 to 14 centimetres per hour. This can make sleeping difficult. [1] This can make sleeping difficult. The worm lays eggs around the anus while a person sleeps, leading to itching. If the child then touches playmates or toys, he/she may pass on the eggs. [24] Asymptomatic infections, often in small children, can serve as reservoirs of infection, and therefore the entire household should be treated regardless of whether or not symptoms are present. While the infected person sleeps, female pinworms leave the intestinal tract and lay their eggs on the skin around the anus. The worm (one-quarter to one-half inch long) is clearly visible to the naked eye. [1] Diagnosis is by seeing the worms which are about one centimetre long or the eggs under a microscope. Itching around the anal area, difficulty sleeping and irritability. They are about one-half inch long. [9], Pinworms cannot damage the skin,[14] and they do not normally migrate through tissues. Pinworm infections can be spread as long as either worms or eggs are present. [8], Pinworm infection occurs worldwide,[10] and is the most common helminth (i.e., parasitic worm) infection in the United States and Western Europe. Eggs that are no longer viable do not produce any larvae. [2] Some people who are infected do not have symptoms. [10] However, they may move onto the vulva and into the vagina, from there moving to the external orifice of the uterus, and onwards to the uterine cavity, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and peritoneal cavity. [9] In a heavy infection, female pinworms may adhere to stools that pass out through the anus, and they may thus be detected on the surface on the stool. [9][23], The benzimidazole compounds albendazole (brand names e.g., Albenza, Eskazole, Zentel and Andazol) and mebendazole (brand names e.g., Ovex, Vermox, Antiox and Pripsen) are the most effective. [8] One report indicated that 36% of young girls with a urinary tract infection also had pinworms. The eggs are laid in a sticky, jelly-like substance that, along with the wriggling of the female pinworm, causes severe itching. Pinworm infection, also known as enterobiasis, is a human parasitic disease caused by the pinworm. [13][18] Adult pinworms are occasionally seen during colonoscopy. [20][23], The main measures are keeping fingernails short, and washing and scrubbing hands and fingers carefully, especially after defecation and before meals. [3] Infection rates among high-risk groups may be as high as 50%. [9] The pinworms can also enter the urethra, and presumably, they carry intestinal bacteria with them. 180–90. [22] This is due to the prevalence of the parasite and the ease of transmission through soiled night clothes, airborne eggs, contaminated furniture, toys and other objects. [15][20] This test is most successful if done every morning for several days, because the females do not lay eggs every day, and the number of eggs vary. [12][10] Both the migrating females and the clumps of eggs are irritating, but the mechanisms causing the intense pruritus have not been explained. In the soil the eggs develop into tiny young worms (larvae). They may also be found in soil and cultured fecesThe first-stage rhabditiform larvae (L1) of Strongyloides stercoralis are 180â380 µm long, with a short buccal canal, a rhabditoid esophagus (divided ⦠They are oviparous and lay large, yolk-laden eggs having a hard shell. [8] The main symptoms are itching in and around the anus and perineum. Pinworm eggs can live on hard surfaces and in clothes and bedding for 2 to 3 weeks. Although they do not cause scabies in humans, the follicle mites, Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis, are sometimes found in human skin biopsies and should not be confused with the human scabies mite (Sarcoptes scabiei).The adult Demodex mites are long and slender, measuring approximately 0.30 mm long ⦠[1], Pinworm infections commonly occur in all parts of the world. School-age children, followed by preschoolers, have the highest rates of infection. The period of time from swallowing eggs to the appearance of new eggs around the anus is 4 to 8 weeks. [18], Preventive action revolves around personal hygiene and the cleanliness of the living quarters. [18] The estimations of the number of eggs in a gravid female pinworm ranges from about 11,000[12] to 16,000. [1] The eggs initially occur around the anus and can survive for up to three weeks in the environment. [17], The life cycle begins with eggs being ingested. Tiny pinworm eggs can live on surfaces -- toys, bathroom fixtures, school desks, or bed linens -- for up to 3 weeks. 3. Most reptiles are oviparous and lay their eggs with tough covering and do not need to lay their eggs in water. Pinworm is the most common worm infection in the United States. [20] However, reinfection is frequent regardless of the medication used. It is transmitted when the female pinworm deposits her eggs in and around the anus. [20], Pinworms do not lay eggs in the feces,[20] but sometimes eggs are deposited in the intestine. [11] The intensity of the itching varies, and it can be described as tickling, crawling sensations, or even acute pain. Thus, a baby can easily pick up the worms by holding any object like a towel or a toy and can put her fingers in the mouth. ⢠Pinworm eggs continue to be present (excreted) in the feces of an infected person for up to a week after the treatment, so precautions should be taken to prevent reinfection by washing hands thoroughly, especially under the nails. By an infected child not washing hands after using the bathroom. [9][17] This process is called retroinfection. [12] Pinworm infection is not classified as a neglected tropical disease unlike many other parasitic worm infections. [8], The relationship between pinworm infestation and appendicitis has been researched, but there is a lack of clear consensus on the matter: While Gutierres (2005) maintains that there exists a consensus that pinworms do not produce the inflammatory reaction,[15] Cook (1994) states that it is controversial whether pinworms are causatively related to acute appendicitis,[13] and Burkhart & Burkhart (2004) state that pinworm infection causes symptoms of appendicitis to surface. [12] The male and female pinworms mate in the ileum (last part of the small intestine),[12] whereafter the male pinworms usually die,[18] and are passed out with stool. [20] On the other hand, the light-yellowish thread-like adult pinworms are clearly visually detectable, usually during the night when they move near the anus, or on toilet paper. Bathe first thing in the morning to reduce egg contamination. Pinworm infection, also known as enterobiasis, is a human parasitic disease caused by the pinworm. [11] The reason the female emerges from the anus is to obtain the oxygen necessary for the maturation of the eggs. Helminth eggs of concern in wastewater used for irrigation have a size between 20 and 90 μm and a relative density of 1.06â1.23. "Fact sheets: neglected tropical diseases", "Extracts from the history and medical properties of garlic", "Enterobius gregorii—reality or fiction? Consult a health care provider before treating a suspected pinworm infection. [3] The most common symptom is itching in the anal area.
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