He fed all of it in the computer, and with the help of software, separated well-known surnames of different castes, identifying the industrial units these surnames owned. In each of these three divisions the top stratum was clear. The Kayasthas and Brahma-Kshatriyas, the so- called ‘writer’ castes, employed mainly in the bureaucracy, and the Vahivancha Barots, genealogists and mythographers, were almost exclusively urban castes. In fact, one well-known Modi biographer informally called her a âdummy chief ministerâ! Hindu society is usually described as divided into a number of castes the boundaries of which are maintained by the rule of caste endogamy. The Brahmans were divided into such divisions as Audich, Bhargav, Disawal, Khadayata, Khedawal, Mewada, Modh, Nagar, Shrigaud, Shrimali, Valam, Vayada, and Zarola. The significant point, however, is that there were small endogamous units which were not, like ekdas and tads, part of any higher-order division. Kayatias and Tapodhans were considered such low Brahmans that even some non-Brahman castes did not accept food and water from them. Indian Last Names In all there were thirty to forty such divisions. Dowry not only continues to be a symbol of status in the new hierarchy but is gradually replacing bride price wherever it existed, and dowry amounts are now reaching astronomical heights. Another major factor in the growth of urban centres in Gujarat was political. "I'm a newsman. It is not easy to find out if the tads became ekdas in course of time and if the process of formation of ekdas was the same as that of the formation of tads. There was also a third category called Pancha, derived from the word punch (meaning 5) and denoting extremely low Vania. A few examples are: Brahman (priest), Vania (trader), Rajput (warrior and ruler), Kanbi (peasant), Koli (peasant), Kathi (peasant), Soni goldsmith), Suthar (carpenter), Valand (barber), Chamar (leatherworker), Dhed (weaver) and Bhangi (scavenger). Although the ekda or tad was the most effective unit for endogamy, each unit of the higher order was also significant for endogamy. They were thus not of the same status as most other second-order divisions among Brahmans. How do I know?" It is easy to understand that the pattern of change would be different in those first-order divisions (such as Rajput) or second-order divisions (such as Leva Kanbi) which did not have within them subdivisions of lower orders and which practised hypergamy extensively. The Kolis in such an area may not even be concerned about a second-order divisional name and may be known simply as Kolis. After all, enterprise is in their blood. For example, there was considerable ambiguity about the status of Anavils. They currently own Indiaâs biggest diamond polishing units in Surat and Amreli, for instance, and they âimportâ polishing workers from different parts of Gujarat, mainly Amreli in Saurashtra. The two areas merge gradually, and my field work covered most of the spectrum. Hypergamy tended to be associated with this hierarchy. One may say that there are now more hypogamous marriages, although another and perhaps” a more realistic way of looking at the change would be that a new hierarchy is replacing the traditional one. We set ourselves lofty goals of creating a casteless society and are doing just the opposite of that. A comment on the sociology of urban India would, therefore, be in order before we go ahead with the discussion of caste divisions. We shall return later to a consideration of this problem. We will be happy to have you on board as a blogger, if you have the knack for writing. But many Rajput men of Radhvanaj got wives from people in distant villages who were recognized there as Kolis—those Kolis who had more land and power than the generality of Kolis had tried to acquire some of the traditional Rajput symbols in dress manners and customs and had been claiming to be Rajputs.
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