Anonymous, "Letters: Mini-camera query," pp 102, 105. [179] However, efforts to improve them were ongoing. The first auto-everything 35mm point-and-shoot camera with built-in zoom lens, the camera type that dominated the 1990s, was the Asahi Optical Pentax IQZoom (1987, Japan) with Pentax Zoom 35-70mm f/3.5-6.7 Tele-Macro. [133][134][135], Retrofocus design also influenced non-retrofocus lenses. SLR cameras were best for macro lenses because SLRs do not suffer from viewfinder parallax error at very close focus distances. With a four to eight percent (or more) reflective light loss at every glass-air interface dimming the light transmission plus the reflected light scattering everywhere producing flare, a lens would not be of practical use with more than six or eight losses. What are they and what are they doing?" [106] Not all layers in multicoating are designed for anti-reflection - some are related to surface adhesion (Argon/Nitrogren Abrasion) or substrate and inter-layers as part of the manufacturing process, exterior 'hard' coating for durability, and λ-filter layers (eg. Previously, this British system competed with the Continental (German) sequence of f/1.1, 1.6, 2.2, 3.2, 4.5, 6.3, 9, 12.5, 18, 25, 36, 50, 71, 100 ratios. Although this was theoretically proven by René Descartes in 1637,[250] the grinding and polishing of aspheric glass surfaces was extremely difficult and expensive. [235][236], Internal focusing was originally popular in heavyweight, wide-aperture telephoto lenses for professional press, sports and wildlife photographers, because it made their handling easier. These so-called close-up lenses are often uncorrected single element menisci, but are a cheap way to provide close focusing for an otherwise limited focus range lens. MC corresponds to the application of achromatic layers on all lens surfaces with new 'ingredients' ('Double Achromatic'), while MC-X introduced even more layers of new 'ingredients' ('Super Achromatic Coating') similar to Pentax's SMC, achieving an empirical improvement of about 1 stop with regards to flare and contrast control of dominating light sources. (Olympus has not yet implemented chromatic aberration correction. The design forms the basis for many camera lenses in use today, especially the wide-aperture standard lenses used on 35 mm and other small-format cameras. A typical uncoated high-speed motion picture anastigmat lens, such as the Astro Pan-Tachar, suffered light losses in excess of 41 percent due to reflections from the eight air-to-glass surfaces comprising its lens formula. Herbert Keppler, "Keppler's SLR Notebook: [Vivitar Series 1 200mm f/3.5] Autofocus Through-Lens Tele For 35mm SLRs Focuses Faster, Sharper Than You Can!!" Note, "retrofocus" was an Angénieux trademark before losing exclusive status. Later the design was developed with additional glasses to give high-performance lenses of wide aperture. The very bulky Mutars could change a Rolleiflex 3.5E/C's Heidosmat 75mm f/2.8 and Zeiss Planar 75mm f/3.5 (1956, West Germany) viewing and imaging lenses into 115mm and 52mm equivalents. The 400 DO lens had a multilayer diffractive element containing concentric circular diffraction gratings to take advantage of diffraction's opposite color dispersion (compared to refraction) to correct chromatic and spherical aberrations with less low dispersion glass, fewer aspheric surfaces and less bulk.[276][277][278]. The lens had a 92° maximum field of view, although 80° was more realistic. Anonymous, "Modern Tests: Vivitar Series 1 70-210 f/2.8-4 Zoom," pp 58-59. Charles Harrison and Joseph Schnitzer's Globe had a symmetric four-element formula; the name refers to the consideration that if the two outer surfaces were continued and then joined, they would form a sphere. [105] Antireflection coating could cut reflection by two-thirds. SMC was not a Pentax invention, but a patented and licensed process invented by coating pioneers OCLI (Optical Coating Laboratory Incorporated).[118]. Herbert Keppler, "SLR: The CAT did it: Want a tiny 500mm supertele for $100 or maybe $69? Most early zoom lenses produced mediocre, or even poor, images. "[87] Note, American photojournalists favored flash use into the 1950s (see Arthur Fellig [Weegee]). The Zeiss Olympia Sonnar 180mm f/2.8 for the Contax II (both 1936, Germany) is a classic, if not mythic, example.[91]. It was scalable from f/4.5 portrait to f/18 super wide angle. Bennett Sherman, "Techniques Tomorrow: A quick inside look at what makes those big lenses so big, so expensive, so special." Field lens: A correcting lens placed just before the image plane of a telescope. However, symmetrical optical formulae such as the Rapid-Rectilinear/Aplanat and the Double Gauss are usually considered pleasing, while asymmetric retrofocus wide angle and telephoto lenses are often thought harsh. Jason Schneider, "How to: Check that Your Zoom Stays in focus," p 76. Foto Discount World trading as Foto Digital World was established April 2003 and is a retailer of electronics goods, dslr cameras, compact cameras, bridge cameras, cameras, mirrorless cameras, camcorders, lenses, binoculars, tv's, hifi's, rangefinders, camera flashes, drones, tripods, camera bags, scanners, printers and all photographic gear in South Africa. ISSN 0895-321X. Beginning with the MD series lenses, additional layers were introduced as standard, although it is clear that for all lenses in any series, improvements in coatings were gradually introduced into production lenses as they were developed. Shutterbug, Volume 37 Number 6 Issue 451; April 2008. Read More, © 2021 Foto Discount World. In 1994, the unnamed 38-105mm f/4-7.8 lens built into the Nikon Zoom-Touch 105 VR (Japan) 35mm point-and-shoot camera was the first consumer lens with built-in image stabilization. Lenses have improved over time. After ailing throughout the 1960s, such famous German nameplates as Kilfitt, Leitz, Meyer, Schneider, Steinheil, Voigtländer and Zeiss went bankrupt, were sold off, contracted production to East Asia or became boutique brands in the 1970s. [240][241], In the 1970s, as increasing powerful computers proliferated, the Japanese optical houses began to spare computing cycles to study the out-of-focus image. In addition, the Uniform System (U.S., invented UK) sequence of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc. Die Leica, 1933 No. The four element lens was a Triplet with an added rear field-flattener. The Sigma's all-moving eleven element/seven group/three cell formula was a triumph of computer-aided design and multicoating.[189]. This Astro-Tech ED refractor has: • 72mm f/6 fully multicoated FPL-53 and Lanthanum doublet refractor optics • dual-speed Rack and Pinion 2” focuser with 10:1 ratio fine focusing and built in Camera Angle Adjuster (Same mech He came up with the Petzval Portrait (modern Austria) in 1840, a four-element lens consisting of a front-cemented achromat and a rear air-spaced achromat that, at f/3.6, was the first wide-aperture portrait lens. This prompted the development of wide field of view lenses with more complex retrofocus optical designs. When the increased sensitivity wet collodion process was perfected in 1851, exposure times were shortened dramatically and adjustable stops became practical. [173] The Zoomar 36-82 was very large and heavy for the focal length[174] – 95mm filter size. [141], The first fisheye lens was the Beck Hill Sky (or Cloud; UK) lens of 1923. [203], Note, many of today's wide range zoom lenses are not "parfocal"; that is, not true zooms. pp 18, 22-23, 150. pp 74-79. Anti-reflection coatings were of immediate interest to Technicolor Corporation, which ordered the first commercial coated projection lenses from Bausch and Lomb for 25 Loew theatres in the larger US cities for the first showings of Gone with the Wind where "improvements in screen illumination, image contrast, and sharpness of focus" were noted. Then apply some cleaning fluid to a tissue, never directly on the optics. [12] Reversing the lens did increase chromatic aberration, but this fault could be lessened by adjusting the achromat to bring colors at the blue end of the spectrum into focus to match the blue-sensitive nature of the photographic emulsion. There's an elusive aspect of lens quality that may be as important as sharpness. Traditionally, prime lenses for rigid cameras were focused closer by physically shifting the entire lens toward the object in a helical or rack and pinion mount. pp 34-35, 74. "Modern Tests: Two Nikon 200s [f/2 Nikkor ED; f/4 Micro-Nikkor]: Fast Or Close," pp 102-103. We use cookies to improve your experience on our website. This, in turn, limited the number of elements a designer could use to control aberrations.[95]. Most early zooms had separate twist control rings to vary the focus and focal length – a "two touch" zoom. Nevertheless, the earliest lenses did not have adjustable stops: their small working apertures and the lack of sensitivity of the daguerreotype process meant that exposure times were measured in many minutes. Jason Schneider, "The Camera Collector: Auto and match-needle exposure, instant-return mirror and diaphragm plus full finder information in an early-60s SLR? Anonymous, "Modern Tests: Wide Ranging 28-210 One-Touch Kiron," pp 52-53, 75. They remain a standard lens on today's amateur digital SLRs,[195] attaining up to 19X. 120° (12mm focal length for the 35mm film format) is about the practical limit for retrofocus designs; 90° (21mm focal length) for non-retrofocus lenses. For example: the human eye can resolve about five lines per millimeter at a distance of 30 cm (about one foot). However, element spacing for best aberration correction may be different for near versus far objects. pp 27-28, 30, 34. [19] Although the Portrait was the first mathematically computed lens formula,[20] trial and error would continue to dominate photographic lens design for another half century, despite well-established physical mathematics dating from 1856 (by Philipp Ludwig von Seidel [modern Germany], working for Hugo Adolph Steinheil [modern Germany]), to the detriment of lens improvement.[21]. pp 10, 14. The Kodak Anastigmat Special 100mm f/3.5 on the Kodak Super Six-20 (1938, USA), the first autoexposure still camera, was a Tessar,[76] as was the D. Zuiko 2.8 cm f/3.5 on the Olympus Pen (1959, Japan), the original Pen half frame camera;[77] the Schneider S-Xenar 40mm f/3.5 on the late version of the Rollei 35 (1974, West Germany/Singapore);[78][79] and the AF Nikkor D 45mm f/2.8P Special Edition for the Nikon FM3A (2001, Japan), the last manual focus 35mm SLR released by a major maker. [59], The Protar is considered the first "modern" lens, because it had an asymmetric formula allowed by the new design freedom opened up by newly available barium oxide, crown optical glasses. [246] Today's lenses require seventh order aberration solutions. [36][37], The Landscape, the Portrait, the Globe, and the Rapid-Rectilinear/Aplanat constituted the nineteenth-century photographer's entire lens arsenal. Although image stabilization is an electromechanical breakthrough, not optical, it was the biggest new feature of the 1990s. [62] However, such lenses require correcting for higher ordered aberrations than the original seven[63] with rare earth (lanthanum oxide) or fluorite (calcium fluoride) glasses of very high refractive index and/or very low dispersion of mid-twentieth century invention. They are "varifocal" – the focus point shifts with the focal length – but are easier to design and manufacture. [266] Stabilization surged into the amateur digital SLR market in 2006. Tōkyō Kōgaku 'UV Topcor' lenses) for increasing or decreasing transmission of certain wavelengths, and other finishing layers such as oleophobic and hydrophobic coatings to make the surface easy to clean. Herbert Keppler, "Keppler's SLR Notebook: Good Grief! Popular Photography, Volume 66 Number 6; June 2002. [145], Note, it is impossible to have 180° rectilinear coverage because of light falloff. These advanced point-and-shoot cameras let you pull in a tight shot from very far away." However, the arrival of interchangeable lens autofocus cameras in 1985 with the Minolta Maxxum 7000 (Japan; called Alpha 7000 in Japan, 7000 AF in Europe) necessarily forced the decoupling of focusing and zooming controls and two touch zooms made an instant comeback. [96] T-stops were "true" or effective aperture stops and were common for motion picture lenses,[97] so that a cinematographer could ensure that consistent exposures were made by all the different lenses used to make a movie. Read more. [82] However, at the time the Leica was introduced the 50mm f/3.5 Kino Tessar had only been designed to cover the cine format of 18x24mm, which was insufficient for the new 24x36mm format of the Leica, and Leitz had to develop a new lens to provide adequate full frame coverage. Three Series 1 70-210 Vivitar Zooms???" IF gained all-around significance in the autofocus era, because moving a few internal elements instead of the entire lens for focusing conserved limited battery power and eased the strain on the focusing motor. Herbert Keppler, "Whatever Happened to The Japan Camera Inspection Institute? In 2004, the Kodak (Sigma) DSC Pro SLR/c (USA/Japan) digital SLR was loaded with optical performance profiles on 110 lenses so that the on-board computer could correct the lateral chromatic aberration of those lenses, on-the-fly as part of the capture process. The Elmar was based on a modified Cooke Triplet with a different computation to the Tessar and with the stop in the first air space. "[107] Due to the effective increase in light transmission of 1 stop, f/2.3 lenses could replace f/1.6 lenses, giving the same brightness with a smaller aperture and therefore superior optical quality and definition, and increased depth of field. We recommend our ASI1600/ASI174 mono camera for Ha solar imaging. [143] The Sky was 21mm f/8 producing 63mm diameter images. Herbert Keppler, "Keppler's SLR Notebook: Is Smaller More Loveable In Zooms?" [98] The quarter stop difference between f/2 and T/2.2 is a 16% loss. Anonymous, "Modern Tests: Konica C35AF: First Auto-Focus Still Camera," pp 136-139. [108] World War II interrupted all consumer camera production and coated lenses did not appear in large numbers until the late 1940s. The films of the first half of the twentieth century did not have much resolving power either, so that was not necessarily a problem. Herbert Keppler, "News: How Canon will cut the weight & size of tele lenses by about one-third." The breakthrough was to use glass of maximum refractive index difference but equal dispersion in each achromat. Michael J. McNamara, "Test: Pentax K100D: Kid Rock: Shoot sharp and stay steady," pp 64-67. [157][158], An afocal attachment is a more sophisticated supplementary lens. With the faster collodion (wet plate) process developed in the 1850s, a camera equipped with this lens could take one- to two-minute indoor portraits. [40] Even today, most lenses produce their best images at their middle apertures, at a compromise between transverse aberrations and diffraction. [148] It was the first lens to provide continuous close focusing. [121] Then and today, Pentax's SMC coatings were regarded as the most efficient at reducing flare and maintaining contrast. pp 54-56. Before the Sonnar, the Tessar type lens was the standard lens of its time. 10Bit ADC 5496×3672 19fps 3840×2160 41.04fps The fourteen element/eleven group Kiron was first 35mm SLR zoom lens to extend from standard wide angle to long telephoto (sometimes referred to as "superzoom"),[191] able to replace 28, 35, 50, 85, 105, 135 and 200mm prime lenses, albeit restricted to a small variable maximum aperture to keep size, weight and cost within reason (129×75 mm, 840 g, 72mm filter, US$359 list). The first telephoto lens optically corrected and fixed as a system was the f/8 Busch Bis-Telar (Germany) of 1905. Anonymous, "More What's New For '85: Kiron stretches zoom range from 28mm to 210mm!!" I was a bit sceptical for the price but having had a go last night before i give it to my nephew i was impressed. Believe it!" Anonymous, "Modern Tests: Super Small 70-210 f/4-5.6 Tokina," pp 57, 64. The Kodak Retina IIIc and IIc (USA/West Germany) collapsable lens 35mm rangefinder cameras of 1954 took the supplementary lens idea to the extreme with their interchangeable lens "components." [13] This design was copied by other lens makers. However, SLR cameras require that lenses be mounted far enough in front of the film to provide space for the movement of the mirror (the "mirror box"); about 40 mm for a 35mm SLR compared to less than 10 mm in non-SLR 35mm cameras. Herbert Keppler, "SLR: Calling the Shots: How the Japanese watchdog group CIPA is winning (and losing) the battle over digital camera power ratings," pp 30, 32-33. Typical F-numbers could be F4.5, F4, F3.5. [196][failed verification] Wide range "superzooms" also sell by the millions on digital point-and-shoots. The Barlow lens, a negative achromat magnifier invented by Peter Barlow in 1833, is still sold to increase the eyepiece magnification of amateur telescopes. [162] Before the zoom lens, afocal attachments were a way to provide a cheap sort of interchangeable lens system to an otherwise fixed lens camera. [254] Plastic is easy to mold into complex shapes that can include an integral mounting flange. Investigation revealed that the oxidation layer suppressed surface reflections by destructive interference. Before cleaning with fluid and tissue, blow any loose particles off the lens with a blower bulb or compressed air. [111] Coating lenses with up to a dozen or more different layers of chemicals to suppress reflections across the visual spectrum (instead of at only one compromise wavelength) were a logical progression. Digital Camera Full Product Guide: EOS: Powershot." Leslie Stroebel and Richard Zakia; editors, Stephen Gandy, "1st 35mm SLR MACRO LENS: Kilfitt Makro-Kilar of 1955: infinity to 1:2 or 1:1," from. The elements were all of such strong power that they were highly sensitive to misalignment and required tight manufacturing tolerances for the era. [43][44], Around 1880, photographers realized that aperture size affected depth of field. [42], The earliest selectable stops were the Waterhouse stops of 1858, named for John Waterhouse. Peter Kolonia, "Not you father's Superzoom: Once scorned by serious shooters, superzooms are getting serious" pp 90-91. [72], The Cooke Triplet became the standard "economy" lens of the twentieth century. [172] It was designed by Zoomar in the United States and manufactured by Kilfitt in West Germany for Voigtländer. Herbert Keppler, "SLR: Can you see the difference in pictures shot with a super-high-quality modern lens and an inexpensive old SLR lens?" Since afocal attachments are not an integral part of the main lens' formula, they degrade image quality and are not appropriate for critical applications. The Cassegrain system folds the light path and the convex secondary acts as a telephoto element, making the focal length even longer than the folded system and extending the light cone to a focal point well behind the primary mirror so it can reach the film plane of the attached camera. [64][65][66] The first apochromatic lens for consumer cameras was the Leitz APO-Telyt-R 180mm f/3.4 (1975, West Germany) for Leicaflex series (1964, West Germany) 35mm SLRs. The original generic term was "inverted" or "reversed telephoto." pp 26-27. pp 24, 26, 28, 32, 34, 144. Keppler, "Calling the Shots," pp 30, 32-33. This can be prevented by using elements with convoluted aspheric curves. As maximum aperture continued to increase, the Double Gauss's greater symmetry promised easier aberration correction. Anonymous, "Annual Guide: 46 Top Cameras: Polaroid Sonar OneStep," p 145. [280] Also in 2004, DO Labs DxO Optics Pro (France) computer software modules were introduced, loaded with information on specific cameras and lenses, that could correct distortion, vignetting, blur and lateral chromatic aberration of images in post-production.
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